Ludwig Wittgenstein
Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein ( ; ; 26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language.From 1929 to 1947, Wittgenstein taught at the University of Cambridge. In spite of his position, during his entire life only one book of his philosophy was published, the 75-page ''Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung'' (''Logical-Philosophical Treatise'', 1921), which appeared, together with an English translation, in 1922 under the Latin title ''Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus''. His only other published works were an article, "Some Remarks on Logical Form" (1929); a book review; and a children's dictionary..}}.}} His voluminous manuscripts were edited and published posthumously. The first and best-known of this posthumous series is the 1953 book ''Philosophical Investigations''. A 1999 survey among American university and college teachers ranked the ''Investigations'' as the most important book of 20th-century philosophy, standing out as "the one crossover masterpiece in twentieth-century philosophy, appealing across diverse specializations and philosophical orientations".
His philosophy is often divided into an early period, exemplified by the ''Tractatus'', and a later period, articulated primarily in the ''Philosophical Investigations''. The "early Wittgenstein" was concerned with the logical relationship between propositions and the world, and he believed that by providing an account of the logic underlying this relationship, he had solved all philosophical problems. The "later Wittgenstein", however, rejected many of the assumptions of the ''Tractatus'', arguing that the meaning of words is best understood as their use within a given language game.
Born in Vienna into one of Europe's richest families, he inherited a fortune from his father in 1913. Before World War I, he "made a very generous financial bequest to a group of poets and artists chosen by Ludwig von Ficker, the editor of ''Der Brenner'', from artists in need. These included Trakl as well as Rainer Maria Rilke and the architect Adolf Loos." Later, in a period of severe personal depression after World War I, he gave away his remaining fortune to his brothers and sisters. Three of his four older brothers died by separate acts of suicide. Wittgenstein left academia several times: serving as an officer on the front line during World War I, where he was decorated a number of times for his courage; teaching in schools in remote Austrian villages, where he encountered controversy for using sometimes violent corporal punishment on girls and a boy (the Haidbauer incident) especially during mathematics classes; working during World War II as a hospital porter in London; and working as a hospital laboratory technician at the Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle upon Tyne. He later expressed remorse for these incidents, and spent the remainder of his life lecturing and attempting to prepare a second manuscript for publication, which was published posthumously as the hugely influential ''Philosophical Investigations''. Provided by Wikipedia
1
by Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951, Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951, Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951
Malden, Mass. : Blackwell 2001
Third edition
Malden, Mass. : Blackwell 2001
Third edition
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2
by Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951, Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951
Chicago : University of Chicago Press 1982
Chicago : University of Chicago Press 1982
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3
by Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951
Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press, 1974
Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press, 1974
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5
by Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951
London : Anthem Press, 2021
London : Anthem Press, 2021
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6
by Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951
London, New York, Routledge & K. Paul; Humanities Press 1972
London, New York, Routledge & K. Paul; Humanities Press 1972
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7
by Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951
New York : Macmillan, 1970
3rd ed., with English and German indexes.
New York : Macmillan, 1970
3rd ed., with English and German indexes.
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8
by Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951
Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1979
Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1979
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10
by Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951
London, New York, Routledge & Paul; Humanities Press 1961
London, New York, Routledge & Paul; Humanities Press 1961
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11
by Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951
New York, Harper 1964
New York, Harper 1964
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13
by Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951
New York : Harper, 1965
New York : Harper, 1965
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14
by Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951
Milano : Fratelli Bocca, 1954
Milano : Fratelli Bocca, 1954
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by Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951
[Frankfurt am Main] Suhrkamp Verlag 1960
[Frankfurt am Main] Suhrkamp Verlag 1960
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18
by Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951
Göttingen, Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht 1968
Göttingen, Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht 1968
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by Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951
Wien : Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, 1977
Wien : Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, 1977
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by Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889-1951
Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Humanities Press, 1979
Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Humanities Press, 1979
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