Baruch Spinoza
Baruch (de) Spinoza; Dutch: ; Portuguese: ; . His boyhood and early adult business name was "Bento", and his synagogue name was "Baruch", the Hebrew translation of "Bento", which means "blessed". As a correspondent, he primarily signed his name as Benedictus.}} (24 November 163221 February 1677), also known under his Latinized pen name Benedictus de Spinoza, was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin. As a forerunner of the Age of Reason, Spinoza significantly influenced modern biblical criticism, 17th-century Rationalism, and contemporary conceptions of the self and the universe, establishing himself as one of the most important and radical philosophers of the early modern period. He was influenced by Stoicism, Maimonides, Niccolò Machiavelli, René Descartes, Thomas Hobbes, and a variety of heterodox Christian thinkers of his day.Spinoza was born in Amsterdam to a marrano family that had left Portugal for a more tolerant Amsterdam. He had a traditional education for a Jewish boy, learning Hebrew and studying the sacred texts. He was part of the wealthy Portuguese Jewish community, where his merchant immigrant father was a prominent member. As a young man, Spinoza was permanently expelled from the Jewish community for defying rabbinic authorities and disputing Jewish beliefs. After his expulsion in 1656, he did not affiliate with any religion, instead focusing on philosophical study. He had a dedicated following, or philosophical sect, who met to discuss his writings.
Spinoza challenged the divine origin of the Hebrew Bible, the nature of God, and the earthly power wielded by religious authorities, Jewish and Christian alike. He was frequently called an atheist by contemporaries, although nowhere in his work does Spinoza argue against the existence of God. This can be explained by the fact that, unlike contemporary 21st-century scholars, “when seventeenth-century readers accused Spinoza of atheism, they usually meant that he challenged doctrinal orthodoxy, particularly on moral issues, and not that he denied God’s existence." His theological studies were inseparable from his thinking on politics; he is grouped with Hobbes, John Locke, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, and Immanuel Kant, who "helped establish the genre of political writing called secular theology."
Spinoza's philosophy encompasses nearly every area of philosophical discourse, including metaphysics, epistemology, political philosophy, ethics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of science. With an enduring reputation as one of the most original and influential thinkers of the seventeenth century, Rebecca Goldstein dubbed him "the renegade Jew who gave us modernity."
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by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677, Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill 1963
Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill 1963
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by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
Stuttgart, 1841
Stuttgart, 1841
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by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
New York : The Modern Library, 1954
New York : The Modern Library, 1954
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by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
New York : L. MacVeagh, 1927
New York : L. MacVeagh, 1927
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by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
Chicago, 1905
Chicago, 1905
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by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
[London] Vision, 1963
[London] Vision, 1963
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by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
London : Oxford University Press, 1923
Fourth edition, revised and cor.
London : Oxford University Press, 1923
Fourth edition, revised and cor.
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by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
New York, Citadel Press 1962
New York, Citadel Press 1962
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by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
[Paris, Gallimard, 1954
[Paris, Gallimard, 1954
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by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
New York, N.Y. : Wiley Book Co., 1901
New York, N.Y. : Wiley Book Co., 1901
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by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
New York : D. Van Nostrand, 1888
New York : D. Van Nostrand, 1888
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by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
New York : Charles Scribner, 1958
New York : Charles Scribner, 1958
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by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
New York : Dover, 1951
Other Authors:
“...Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677...”New York : Dover, 1951
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17
by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
New York, Willey Book Co. 1901
New York, Willey Book Co. 1901
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by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
Leipzig, Insel-verlag, 1916
Leipzig, Insel-verlag, 1916
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by Spinoza, Benedictus de, 1632-1677
London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1894
2d ed., rev. and corrected, with new preface.
London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1894
2d ed., rev. and corrected, with new preface.
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