Pythagoras
Pythagoras of Samos , }} (, or simply ; in Ionian Greek; ) was an ancient Ionian Greek philosopher, polymath and the eponymous founder of Pythagoreanism. His political and religious teachings were well known in Magna Graecia and influenced the philosophies of Plato, Aristotle, and, through them, the West in general. Knowledge of his life is clouded by legend; modern scholars disagree regarding Pythagoras's education and influences, but they do agree that, around 530 BC, he travelled to Croton in southern Italy, where he founded a school in which initiates were sworn to secrecy and lived a communal, ascetic lifestyle. This lifestyle entailed a number of dietary prohibitions, traditionally said to have included aspects of vegetarianism.The teaching most securely identified with Pythagoras is ''metempsychosis'', or the "transmigration of souls", which holds that every soul is immortal and, upon death, enters into a new body. He may have also devised the doctrine of ''musica universalis'', which holds that the planets move according to mathematical equations and thus resonate to produce an inaudible symphony of music. Scholars debate whether Pythagoras developed the numerological and musical teachings attributed to him, or if those teachings were developed by his later followers, particularly Philolaus of Croton. Following Croton's decisive victory over Sybaris in around 510 BC, Pythagoras's followers came into conflict with supporters of democracy, and Pythagorean meeting houses were burned. Pythagoras may have been killed during this persecution, or he may have escaped to Metapontum and died there.
In antiquity, Pythagoras was credited with many mathematical and scientific discoveries, including the Pythagorean theorem, Pythagorean tuning, the five regular solids, the Theory of Proportions, the sphericity of the Earth, and the identity of the morning and evening stars as the planet Venus. It was said that he was the first man to call himself a philosopher ("lover of wisdom") and that he was the first to divide the globe into five climatic zones. Classical historians debate whether Pythagoras made these discoveries, and many of the accomplishments credited to him likely originated earlier or were made by his colleagues or successors. Some accounts mention that the philosophy associated with Pythagoras was related to mathematics and that numbers were important, but it is debated to what extent, if at all, he actually contributed to mathematics or natural philosophy.
Pythagoras influenced Plato, whose dialogues, especially his ''Timaeus'', exhibit Pythagorean teachings. Pythagorean ideas on mathematical perfection also impacted ancient Greek art. His teachings underwent a major revival in the first century BC among Middle Platonists, coinciding with the rise of Neopythagoreanism. Pythagoras continued to be regarded as a great philosopher throughout the Middle Ages and his philosophy had a major impact on scientists such as Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton. Pythagorean symbolism was used throughout early modern European esotericism, and his teachings as portrayed in Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'' influenced the modern vegetarian movement. Provided by Wikipedia
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by Pythagoras
Firenza : "La nuova Italia" editrice, 1969
Firenza : "La nuova Italia" editrice, 1969
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2
by Pythagoras
Leyde : E. J. Brill, 1932
Leyde : E. J. Brill, 1932
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4
by Pythagoras
Imprented at Londo[n] : In the Ventre vpon the. iii. Craned wharfe. by me Wyllyam Copland, 1560
Imprented at Londo[n] : In the Ventre vpon the. iii. Craned wharfe. by me Wyllyam Copland, 1560
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by Pythagoras
Napoli : Libreria scientifica editrice, 1962
Napoli : Libreria scientifica editrice, 1962
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6
by Pythagoras
Imprented at Londo[n] : In the Ventre vpon the. iii. Craned wharfe. by me Wyllyam Copland, 1560
Imprented at Londo[n] : In the Ventre vpon the. iii. Craned wharfe. by me Wyllyam Copland, 1560
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7
by Pythagoras
Refugio, Tex., The author, 1947
Refugio, Tex., The author, 1947
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8
by Pythagoras
Refugio, Tex. : [publisher not identified], 1947
Refugio, Tex. : [publisher not identified], 1947
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9
by Pythagoras
Imprented at Londo[n] : In the Ventre vpon the. iii. Craned wharfe. by me Wyllyam Copland, 1560
Imprented at Londo[n] : In the Ventre vpon the. iii. Craned wharfe. by me Wyllyam Copland, 1560
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10
by Pythagoras
[Bourges] : Typ. M. Boin, 1948
[Bourges] : Typ. M. Boin, 1948
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by Pythagoras
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by Pythagoras, pseud
[s. l. : s. n.], 1861
[s. l. : s. n.], 1861
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13
by Cutchis, Pythagoras
Washington : Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Environmental Quality ; Springfield, Va. : for sale by the National Technical Information Service, 1978
Washington : Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Environmental Quality ; Springfield, Va. : for sale by the National Technical Information Service, 1978
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Government Document
Book
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by Sideris, Pythagoras P.
New York : [publisher not identified], 1962
New York : [publisher not identified], 1962
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by Katevenis, Denis Pythagoras
Athens : The Author, 1955
Athens : The Author, 1955
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Manuscript
Book
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by Brown, George Mackay, Pythagoras, Horace, Virgil, Herrick, Robert, 1591-1674
New York : Nonesuch Records, 1977
New York : Nonesuch Records, 1977
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Audio
18
by Horst, Pieter Cornelis van der
Leyde : E. J. Brill s. a., 1932
Other Authors:
“...Pythagoras...”Leyde : E. J. Brill s. a., 1932
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by Averroës, 1126-1198
London : Printed and sold by T. Sowle ..., 1695
Other Authors:
“...Pythagoras...”London : Printed and sold by T. Sowle ..., 1695
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