Laozi
in seal script (top)|and standard script (bottom)}} | picupright = 0.5 | name1 = Honorific Name | c = | l = | p = Lǎozǐ | tp = Lǎo-zǐh | w = | mi = | gr = Laotzyy | bpmf = ㄌㄠˇ ㄗˇ | myr = Lǎudž | showflag = p | suz = Lâ-tsỳ | j = lou5 zi2 | y = Lóuhjí | ci = | poj = Ló-chú | tl = Ló-tsú | oc-bs = C.rˤuʔ tsəʔ | vie = | hn = 老子 | hangul = | hanja = | rr = Noja | kanji = 老子 | hiragana = ろうし | katakana = ロウシ | revhep = Rōshi | kunrei = Rousi | altname = Personal Name | c2 = | p2 = Lǐ Ěr | tp2 = Lǐ Ěr | w2 = | mi2 = | bpmf2 | ㄌㄧˇ ㄦˇ | oc-bs2 = C.rəʔ C.nəʔ | altname3 = Courtesy name | t3 = | s3 = | p3 = Lǐ Bóyáng | tp3 = Lǐ Bó-yáng | w3 = | mi3 = | bpmf3 = ㄌㄧˇ ㄅㄛˊ ㄧㄤˊ | oc-bs3 = C.rəʔ pˤrak laŋ | altname4 = Posthumous Name | c4 = |}} | p4 = | tp4 = | w4 = |}} | mi4 = |}} | bpmf4 = | altname5 = Theonym | c5 = | p5 = Lǎojūn | tp5 = Lǎo-jyun | w5 = | mi5 = | bpmf5 = ㄌㄠˇ ㄐㄩㄣ | l5 = the Old Lord }}Laozi (, }}), also romanized as Lao Tzu and various other ways, was a semi-legendary ancient Chinese philosopher, author of the ''Tao Te Ching'', the foundational text of Taoism along with the ''Zhuangzi''. Laozi is a Chinese honorific, typically translated as "the Old Master". Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as invented, and his opus a collaboration. Traditional accounts say he was born as in the state of Chu in the 6th centuryBC during China's Spring and Autumn period, served as the royal archivist for the Zhou court at Wangcheng (in modern Luoyang), met and impressed Confucius on one occasion, and composed the ''Tao Te Ching'' in a single session before retiring into the western wilderness.
A central figure in Chinese culture, Laozi is generally considered the founder of Taoism. He was claimed and revered as the ancestor of the 7th - 10th century Tang dynasty and is similarly honored in modern China as the progenitor of the popular surname Li. In some sects of Taoism, Chinese Buddhism, Confucianism, and Chinese folk religion, it is held that he then became an immortal hermit. Certain Taoist devotees held that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was the avatar – embodied as a book – of the god Laojun, one of the Three Pure Ones of the Taoist pantheon, though few philosophers believe this. The ''Tao Te Ching'' had a profound influence on Chinese religious movements and on subsequent Chinese philosophers, who annotated, commended, and criticized the texts extensively. In the 20th century, textual criticism by modern historians led to theories questioning Laozi's timing or even existence, positing that the received text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' was not composed until the 4th centuryBC Warring States period, and was the product of multiple authors.
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2
3
by Lao-tzu
New York : Columbia University Press, 1999
New York : Columbia University Press, 1999
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4
by Lao-tzu
Washington, D.C. : Counterpoint, 2000
Washington, D.C. : Counterpoint, 2000
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5
by Lao-tzu
La Salle, Ill. : Open Court, 1974
La Salle, Ill. : Open Court, 1974
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6
by Lao-tzu
New York : Columbia University Press, 2000
New York : Columbia University Press, 2000
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7
by Lao-tzu
Rockport, Mass. : Element, 1997
Rockport, Mass. : Element, 1997
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8
by Lao-tzu
New York : New American Library, 1955
New York : New American Library, 1955
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9
by Lao-tzu
Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1970
Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1970
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10
by Lao-tzŭ
London, M. Joseph, 1958
London, M. Joseph, 1958
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11
by Lao-tzu
New York, Macmillan, 1956
New York, Macmillan, 1956
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12
by Lao, Tzu
1970
1970
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13
by Lao-tzu
New York : New American Library, 1955
New York : New American Library, 1955
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14
by Lao-tzu
London, G. Allen & Unwin 1934
London, G. Allen & Unwin 1934
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15
16
by Lao-tzu
Hong Kong : Chinese University Press, 1982
Hong Kong : Chinese University Press, 1982
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17
by Lao-tzu
Indianapolis : Hackett Pub. Co., 1993
Indianapolis : Hackett Pub. Co., 1993
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18
by Lao-tzu
Albany, N.Y. : State University of New York Press, 1992
Albany, N.Y. : State University of New York Press, 1992
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19
20
by Lao-tzu
London, G. Allen & Unwin 1956
London, G. Allen & Unwin 1956
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