Francisco Goya
Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (; ; 30 March 1746 – 16 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker. He is considered the most important Spanish artist of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. His paintings, drawings, and engravings reflected contemporary historical upheavals and influenced important 19th- and 20th-century painters. Goya is often referred to as the last of the Old Masters and the first of the moderns.Goya was born to a middle-class family in 1746, in Fuendetodos in Aragon. He studied painting from age 14 under José Luzán y Martinez and moved to Madrid to study with Anton Raphael Mengs. He married Josefa Bayeu in 1773. Goya became a court painter to the Spanish Crown in 1786 and this early portion of his career is marked by portraits of the Spanish aristocracy and royalty, and Rococo-style tapestry cartoons designed for the royal palace.
Although Goya's letters and writings survive, little is known about his thoughts. He had a severe and undiagnosed illness in 1793 that left him deaf, after which his work became progressively darker and pessimistic. His later easel and mural paintings, prints and drawings appear to reflect a bleak outlook on personal, social and political levels, and contrast with his social climbing. He was appointed Director of the Royal Academy in 1795, the year Manuel Godoy made an unfavorable treaty with France. In 1799, Goya became ''Primer Pintor de Cámara'' (Prime Court Painter), the highest rank for a Spanish court painter. In the late 1790s, commissioned by Godoy, he completed his ''La maja desnuda'', a remarkably daring nude for the time and clearly indebted to Diego Velázquez. In 1800–01, he painted ''Charles IV of Spain and His Family'', also influenced by Velázquez.
In 1807, Napoleon led the French army into the Peninsular War against Spain. Goya remained in Madrid during the war, which seems to have affected him deeply. Although he did not speak his thoughts in public, they can be inferred from his ''Disasters of War'' series of prints (although published 35 years after his death) and his 1814 paintings ''The Second of May 1808'' and ''The Third of May 1808''. Other works from his mid-period include the ''Caprichos'' and ''Los Disparates'' etching series, and a wide variety of paintings concerned with insanity, mental asylums, witches, fantastical creatures and religious and political corruption, all of which suggest that he feared for both his country's fate and his own mental and physical health.
His late period culminates with the ''Black Paintings'' of 1819–1823, applied on oil on the plaster walls of his house the Quinta del Sordo (''House of the Deaf Man'') where, disillusioned by political and social developments in Spain, he lived in near isolation. Goya eventually abandoned Spain in 1824 to retire to the French city of Bordeaux, accompanied by his much younger maid and companion, Leocadia Weiss, who may have been his lover. There he completed his ''La Tauromaquia'' series and a number of other works. Following a stroke that left him paralyzed on his right side, Goya died and was buried on 16 April 1828 aged 82. Provided by Wikipedia
1
by Goya, Francisco, 1746-1828
Lewiston : Edwin Mellen Press, 1997
Lewiston : Edwin Mellen Press, 1997
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2
by Goya, Francisco, 1746-1828
Paris : FLOHIC, 1991
Paris : FLOHIC, 1991
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3
by Goya, Francisco, 1746-1828
Paris, F. Hazan 1948
Paris, F. Hazan 1948
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4
by Goya, Francisco, 1746-1828
Madrid : Sarpe, 1983
Madrid : Sarpe, 1983
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5
by Goya, Francisco, 1746-1828
[Moskva] : T︠S︡entr Roĭ, 1992
[Moskva] : T︠S︡entr Roĭ, 1992
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6
by Goya, Francisco, 1746-1828
Barcelona, Editorial G. Gili 1967
Barcelona, Editorial G. Gili 1967
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7
8
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9
by Goya, Francisco, 1746-1828
[Paris] Ministere d'Etat-Affaires culturelles 1970
[Paris] Ministere d'Etat-Affaires culturelles 1970
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10
by Goya, Francisco, 1746-1828
London, Studio, 1927
London, Studio, 1927
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11
by Goya, Francisco, 1746-1828
[Moskva] : "Iskusstvo", 1969
[Moskva] : "Iskusstvo", 1969
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12
by Goya, Francisco, 1746-1828
[Tokyo? Mainichi Shimbun Sha, 1971
Other Authors:
“...Goya, Francisco, 1746-1828...”[Tokyo? Mainichi Shimbun Sha, 1971
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13
by Goya, Francisco, 1746-1828
Madrid : Fundación Juan March 1979
Madrid : Fundación Juan March 1979
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14
by Goya, Francisco, 1746-1828
Frankfurt am Main : Die Galerie, 1981
Frankfurt am Main : Die Galerie, 1981
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15
by Goya, Francisco, 1746-1828
Madrid : Turner, 1992
Madrid : Turner, 1992
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16
by Goya, Francisco, 1746-1828
Paulton, Nr. Bristol [Eng.] : Purnell, 1965
Paulton, Nr. Bristol [Eng.] : Purnell, 1965
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17
by Goya, Francisco, 1746-1828
New York, H. N. Abrams 1969
New York, H. N. Abrams 1969
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18
by Goya, Francisco, 1746-1828
Arles : Actes sud, 1990
Arles : Actes sud, 1990
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19
by Goya, Francisco, 1746-1828
Wien, Phaidon-Verlag 1937
Wien, Phaidon-Verlag 1937
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20
by Goya, Francisco, 1746-1828
[Milano] Fratelli Fabbri 1965
[Milano] Fratelli Fabbri 1965
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