René Descartes
René Descartes ( or ; ; Latinized: Renatus Cartesius;}} 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science. Mathematics was paramount to his method of inquiry, and he connected the previously separate fields of geometry and algebra into analytic geometry. Descartes spent much of his working life in the Dutch Republic, initially serving the Dutch States Army, and later becoming a central intellectual of the Dutch Golden Age. Although he served a Protestant state and was later counted as a deist by critics, Descartes was Roman Catholic.Many elements of Descartes' philosophy have precedents in late Aristotelianism, the revived Stoicism of the 16th century, or in earlier philosophers like Augustine. In his natural philosophy, he differed from the schools on two major points. First, he rejected the splitting of corporeal substance into matter and form; second, he rejected any appeal to final ends, divine or natural, in explaining natural phenomena. In his theology, he insists on the absolute freedom of God's act of creation. Refusing to accept the authority of previous philosophers, Descartes frequently set his views apart from the philosophers who preceded him. In the opening section of the ''Passions of the Soul'', an early modern treatise on emotions, Descartes goes so far as to assert that he will write on this topic "as if no one had written on these matters before." His best known philosophical statement is "" ("I think, therefore I am"; ), found in ''Discourse on the Method'' (1637, in French and Latin, 1644) and ''Principles of Philosophy'' (1644, in Latin, 1647 in French).}} The statement has either been interpreted as a logical syllogism or as an intuitive thought.
Descartes has often been called the father of modern philosophy, and is largely seen as responsible for the increased attention given to epistemology in the 17th century. He laid the foundation for 17th-century continental rationalism, later advocated by Spinoza and Leibniz, and was later opposed by the empiricist school of thought consisting of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The rise of early modern rationalism—as a systematic school of philosophy in its own right for the first time in history—exerted an influence on modern Western thought in general, with the birth of two rationalistic philosophical systems of Descartes (Cartesianism) and Spinoza (Spinozism). It was the 17th-century arch-rationalists like Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz who have given the "Age of Reason" its name and place in history. Leibniz, Spinoza, and Descartes were all well-versed in mathematics as well as philosophy, and Descartes and Leibniz contributed to science as well.
Descartes' ''Meditations on First Philosophy'' (1641) continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes' influence in mathematics is equally apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytic geometry—used in the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis. Descartes was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution.
Provided by Wikipedia
1
by Descartes, Rene
New York : Dover Publications, 1954
New York : Dover Publications, 1954
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book
2
by Descartes, Rene
Paris, L. Cerf, 1913
Paris, L. Cerf, 1913
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book
3
by Descartes, Rene
Paris, L. Cerf, 1913
Paris, L. Cerf, 1913
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book
4
by Descartes, Rene
London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & co., ltd., 1907
London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & co., ltd., 1907
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book
5
by Descartes, Rene
Paris, J. Vrin, 1966
Paris, J. Vrin, 1966
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book
6
7
by Descartes, Rene
Paris, Correa, 1946
Paris, Correa, 1946
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book
8
by Descartes, Rene
Paris, Union generale d'editions, 1963
Paris, Union generale d'editions, 1963
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book
9
by Descartes, Rene
Paris, Editions Buchet/Chastel, 1961
Paris, Editions Buchet/Chastel, 1961
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book
10
by Descartes, Rene
Paris, Gallimard, 1958
Paris, Gallimard, 1958
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book
11
by Descartes, Rene
New York, Modern Library, 1958
New York, Modern Library, 1958
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book
12
by Descartes, Rene
Paris, L. Cerf, 1897
Paris, L. Cerf, 1897
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book
13
by Descartes, Rene
Paris, L. Michaud, 1909
Paris, L. Michaud, 1909
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book
14
by Descartes, Rene
Paris, Vrin, 1970
Paris, Vrin, 1970
This item is not available through EZBorrow. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.
Book
15
by Descartes, Rene
Paris, Gallimard, 1966
Paris, Gallimard, 1966
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book
16
by Descartes, Rene
Paris, Editions Bordas, 1970
Paris, Editions Bordas, 1970
This item is not available through EZBorrow. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.
Book
17
by Descartes, Rene
Paris, F. Alcan, 1936
Paris, F. Alcan, 1936
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book
18
by Descartes, Rene
London, Dent, 1969
London, Dent, 1969
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book
19
20
by Descartes, Rene
Paris, Garnier freres, 1963
Paris, Garnier freres, 1963
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book