Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero ).}} ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire. His extensive writings include treatises on rhetoric, philosophy and politics. He is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists and the innovator of what became known as "Ciceronian rhetoric". Cicero was educated in Rome and in Greece. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order, and served as consul in 63 BC.He greatly influenced both ancient and modern reception of the Latin language. A substantial percentage of his work has survived, and he was admired by both ancient and modern authors alike. Cicero adapted the arguments of the chief schools of Hellenistic philosophy in Latin and created a large amount of Latin philosophical vocabulary via lexical innovation (e.g. neologisms such as , ''generator'', , ''infinitio'', , ), almost 150 of which were the result of translating Greek philosophical terms.
Though he was an accomplished orator and successful lawyer, Cicero believed his political career was his most important achievement. It was during his consulship that the Catiline conspiracy attempted to overthrow the government through an attack on the city by outside forces, and Cicero (by his own account) suppressed the revolt by summarily and controversially executing five conspirators without trial, an act which would later lead to his exile. During the chaotic middle period of the first century BC, marked by civil wars and the dictatorship of Julius Caesar, Cicero was a supporter of the Optimates faction. Following Caesar's death, Cicero became an enemy of Mark Antony in the ensuing power struggle, attacking him in a series of speeches. He was proscribed as an enemy of the state by the Second Triumvirate and consequently executed by soldiers operating on their behalf in 43 BC, having been intercepted during an attempted flight from the Italian peninsula. His severed hands and head (representing his career as an orator) were then displayed on the Rostra.
Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited for initiating the 14th-century Renaissance in public affairs, humanism, and classical Roman culture. According to Polish historian Tadeusz Zieliński, "the Renaissance was above all things a revival of Cicero, and only after him and through him of the rest of Classical antiquity." The peak of Cicero's authority and prestige came during the 18th-century Enlightenment, and his impact on leading Enlightenment thinkers and political theorists such as John Locke, David Hume, Montesquieu, and Edmund Burke was substantial. His works rank among the most influential in global culture, and today still constitute one of the most important bodies of primary material for the writing and revision of Roman history, especially the last days of the Roman Republic. Provided by Wikipedia
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by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius
Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1945
[2d edition revised]
Other Authors:
“...Cicero, Marcus Tullius...”Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1945
[2d edition revised]
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by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius
London :; Cambridge, Mass. : W. Heinemann,; Harvard University Press 1935
London :; Cambridge, Mass. : W. Heinemann,; Harvard University Press 1935
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by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius
Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2002
Other Authors:
“...Cicero, Marcus Tullius...”Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2002
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4
by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius
London :; Cambridge, Mass. : W. Heinemann,; Harvard University Press 1951
Other Authors:
“...Cicero, Marcus Tullius...”London :; Cambridge, Mass. : W. Heinemann,; Harvard University Press 1951
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by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius
London :; New York : W. Heinemann,; G.P. Putnam's Sons 1930
London :; New York : W. Heinemann,; G.P. Putnam's Sons 1930
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by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius
London :; Cambridge, Mass. : Heinemann,; Harvard University Press 1949
London :; Cambridge, Mass. : Heinemann,; Harvard University Press 1949
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by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius
Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univ. Press 1946
Revised edition.
Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univ. Press 1946
Revised edition.
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8
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by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius
Hauniae : impensis librariae Gyldendalianae, typis Schultzianis, 1839
Hauniae : impensis librariae Gyldendalianae, typis Schultzianis, 1839
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15
by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius
Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1970
[1. éd.]
Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1970
[1. éd.]
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16
by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius
Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, 1933
Rev.
Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, 1933
Rev.
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17
by Cicero, Marcus Tullius
Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1964
Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1964
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by Cicero, Marcus Tullius
Boston, Ginn and Heath, 1873
Boston, Ginn and Heath, 1873
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19
by Cicero, Marcus Tullius
Cambridge : at the University press, 1965
Cambridge : at the University press, 1965
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by Cicero, Marcus Tullius
New York : Translation Pub. Co., 1962
New York : Translation Pub. Co., 1962
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