John Milton

John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet, polemicist, and civil servant. His 1667 epic poem ''Paradise Lost'', written in blank verse and including over ten books, was written in a time of immense religious flux and political upheaval. It addressed the fall of man, including the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and God's expulsion of them from the Garden of Eden. ''Paradise Lost'' elevated Milton's reputation as one of history's greatest poets. He also served as a civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under its Council of State and later under Oliver Cromwell.

Milton achieved fame and recognition during his lifetime; his celebrated ''Areopagitica'' (1644), written in condemnation of pre-publication censorship, is among history's most influential and impassioned defences of freedom of speech and freedom of the press. His desire for freedom extended beyond his philosophy and was reflected in his style, which included his introduction of new words (coined from Latin and Ancient Greek) to the English language. He was the first modern writer to employ unrhymed verse outside of the theatre or translations.

Milton is described as the "greatest English author" by his biographer William Hayley, and he remains generally regarded "as one of the preeminent writers in the English language", though critical reception has oscillated in the centuries since his death, often on account of his republicanism. Samuel Johnson praised ''Paradise Lost'' as "a poem which ... with respect to design may claim the first place, and with respect to performance, the second, among the productions of the human mind", though he (a Tory) described Milton's politics as those of an "acrimonious and surly republican". Milton was revered by poets such as William Blake, William Wordsworth, and Thomas Hardy.

Phases of Milton's life parallel the major historical and political divisions in Stuart England at the time. In his early years, Milton studied at Christ's College, Cambridge, and then travelled, wrote poetry mostly for private circulation, and launched a career as pamphleteer and publicist under Charles I's increasingly autocratic rule and Britain's breakdown into constitutional confusion and ultimately civil war. While once considered dangerously radical and heretical, Milton contributed to a seismic shift in accepted public opinions during his life that ultimately elevated him to public office in England. The Restoration of 1660 and his loss of vision later deprived Milton much of his public platform, but he used the period to develop many of his major works.

Milton's views developed from extensive reading, travel, and experience that began with his days as a student at Cambridge in the 1620s and continued through the English Civil War, which started in 1642 and continued until 1651. By the time of his death in 1674, Milton was impoverished and on the margins of English intellectual life but famous throughout Europe and unrepentant for political choices that placed him at odds with governing authorities. Provided by Wikipedia
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141
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
New York : Macmillan, 1928

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142
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
New York : F. Watts, 1970

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143
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
Folcroft, PA : Folcroft Press, 1969

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144
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1961

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145
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1854

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146
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
London : Oxford University Press, H. Milford, 1921

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147
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica, 1952
Founders' ed.
Other Authors: ...Milton, John, 1608-1674...

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148
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
New York : Collier, 1937
Registered ed.

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149
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
New York : New American Library, 1968
Other Authors: ...Milton, John, 1608-1674...

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150
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
New York : H.M. Caldwell Co., 1896

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151
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
London ; New York : F. Warne and Co., 1896

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152
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
[Milano] : Bompiani, 1943

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153
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
London : Printed for Jacob Tonson, at Shakespears Head in the Strand, 1720

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154
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
Tring, Herts, England ; Batavia, Ill. : Lion Pub., 1988
First edition.

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155
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
New York : Maynard, Merrill, & Co., 1879

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156
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
Baltimore [Md.] : Cushing and Jewitt, 1818

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157
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
[New York] : [publisher not identified], 1903

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158
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
London : Cassell & Co., 1891
Other Authors: ...Milton, John, 1608-1674...

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159
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
London : [publisher not identified], 1773

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160
by Milton, John, 1608-1674
London : Blackie and Son, 1910

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