Hugo Grotius
Hugo Grotius (; 10 April 1583 – 28 August 1645), also known as Hugo de Groot () or Huig de Groot (), was a Dutch humanist, diplomat, lawyer, theologian, jurist, statesman, poet and playwright. A teenage prodigy, he was born in Delft and studied at Leiden University. He was imprisoned in Loevestein Castle for his involvement in the controversies over religious policy of the Dutch Republic, but escaped hidden in a chest of books that was transported to Gorinchem. Grotius wrote most of his major works in exile in France.Grotius was a major figure in the fields of philosophy, political theory and law during the 16th and 17th centuries. Along with the earlier works of Francisco de Vitoria and Alberico Gentili, his writings laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law in its Protestant side. Two of his books have had a lasting impact in the field of international law: ''De jure belli ac pacis'' (''On the Law of War and Peace'') dedicated to Louis XIII of France and the ''Mare Liberum'' (''The Free Seas'') for which Grotius has been called the "father of international law". Grotius has also contributed significantly to the evolution of the notion of ''rights''. Before him, rights were above all perceived as attached to objects; after him, they are seen as belonging to persons, as the expression of an ability to act or as a means of realizing something.
Peter Borschberg suggests that Grotius was significantly influenced by Francisco de Vitoria and the School of Salamanca in Spain, who supported the idea that the sovereignty of a nation does not lie simply in a ruler through God's will, but originates in its people, who agree to confer such authority upon a ruler. It is also thought that Grotius was not the first to formulate the international society doctrine, but he was one of the first to define expressly the idea of one society of states, governed not by force or warfare but by actual laws and mutual agreement to enforce those laws. As Hedley Bull declared in 1990: "The idea of international society which Grotius propounded was given concrete expression in the Peace of Westphalia, and Grotius may be considered the intellectual father of this first general peace settlement of modern times." Additionally, his contributions to Arminian theology helped provide the seeds for later Arminian-based movements, such as Methodism and Pentecostalism; Grotius is acknowledged as a significant figure in the Arminian-Calvinist debate. Because of his theological underpinning of free trade, he is also considered an "economic theologist".
After fading over time, the influence of Grotius's ideas revived in the 20th century following the First World War. Provided by Wikipedia
81
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Londini : Typis J. Redmayne Jun. & prostant venales apud Gulielm. Crook, 1682
Londini : Typis J. Redmayne Jun. & prostant venales apud Gulielm. Crook, 1682
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Book
82
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
London : printed by A. Miller for William Lee at the Turks Head in Fleet-street, 1653
The second edition corrected and enlarged.
London : printed by A. Miller for William Lee at the Turks Head in Fleet-street, 1653
The second edition corrected and enlarged.
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83
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Londini : Excudebat R. Daniel, 1661
Londini : Excudebat R. Daniel, 1661
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Book
84
85
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
New York : Amsterdam : Da Capo Press; Theatrvm Orbis Terrarvm, 1971
New York : Amsterdam : Da Capo Press; Theatrvm Orbis Terrarvm, 1971
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86
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Amstelodami : ex typographia P. & I. Blaev, et prostant apud Wolfgang, Waasberge, Boom, à Someren & Goethals, 1687
Amstelodami : ex typographia P. & I. Blaev, et prostant apud Wolfgang, Waasberge, Boom, à Someren & Goethals, 1687
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87
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
London : Printed and are to be sold by Jos. Blare ..., 1698
London : Printed and are to be sold by Jos. Blare ..., 1698
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Book
88
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Parisiis : Sumptibus Nicolai Buon ..., 1622
Parisiis : Sumptibus Nicolai Buon ..., 1622
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89
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Oxonii : Excudebat Gulielm. Hall, 1660
Editio nova cum annotationibus cui accessit versio Arabica.
Oxonii : Excudebat Gulielm. Hall, 1660
Editio nova cum annotationibus cui accessit versio Arabica.
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90
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Utrecht : Kemink en zoon, 1871
Utrecht : Kemink en zoon, 1871
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Book
91
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Amstelodami : Ex officina Elzeviriana, 1662
Editio novissima, in qua ejusdem annotationes suis quaeque paragraphis ad faciliorem usum subjectae sunt.
Amstelodami : Ex officina Elzeviriana, 1662
Editio novissima, in qua ejusdem annotationes suis quaeque paragraphis ad faciliorem usum subjectae sunt.
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92
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Lugduni Batavorum : E. J. Brill, 1939
Lugduni Batavorum : E. J. Brill, 1939
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Book
93
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Londini : Prostant venalia apud Mosem Pitt ..., 1679
Londini : Prostant venalia apud Mosem Pitt ..., 1679
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94
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
London : Printed for Humphrey Moseley, and are to be sold at his shop ..., 1655
London : Printed for Humphrey Moseley, and are to be sold at his shop ..., 1655
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Book
95
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
London : Printed for Sam. Keble ..., 1694
London : Printed for Sam. Keble ..., 1694
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Book
96
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
London : Printed for Sam. Keble ..., 1694
London : Printed for Sam. Keble ..., 1694
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Book
97
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
London : printed for W. Innys and R. Manby, J. and P. Knapton, D. Brown, T. Osborn, and E. Wicksteed, 1738
London : printed for W. Innys and R. Manby, J. and P. Knapton, D. Brown, T. Osborn, and E. Wicksteed, 1738
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98
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Oxonii : Impensis Gulielmi Webb, 1650
Editio decima additis annotationibus in quibus testimonia.
Oxonii : Impensis Gulielmi Webb, 1650
Editio decima additis annotationibus in quibus testimonia.
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Book
99
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
London : Printed for W. Lee ..., 1658
The third edition, corrected with lively brasse pieces newly added.
London : Printed for W. Lee ..., 1658
The third edition, corrected with lively brasse pieces newly added.
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Book
100
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
London : Printed by S.G. and B.G. for William Lee ..., 1669
The fourth edition, corrected :
London : Printed by S.G. and B.G. for William Lee ..., 1669
The fourth edition, corrected :
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