Hugo Grotius
Hugo Grotius ( ; 10 April 1583 – 28 August 1645), also known as Hugo de Groot () or Huig de Groot (), was a Dutch humanist, diplomat, lawyer, theologian, jurist, statesman, poet and playwright. A teenage prodigy, he was born in Delft and studied at Leiden University. He was imprisoned in Loevestein Castle for his involvement in the controversies over religious policy of the Dutch Republic, but escaped hidden in a chest of books that was transported to Gorinchem. Grotius wrote most of his major works in exile in France.Grotius was a major figure in the fields of philosophy, political theory and law during the 16th and 17th centuries. Along with the earlier works of Francisco de Vitoria and Alberico Gentili, his writings laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law in its Protestant side. Two of his books have had a lasting impact in the field of international law: ''De jure belli ac pacis'' (''On the Law of War and Peace'') dedicated to Louis XIII of France and the ''Mare Liberum'' (''The Free Seas'') for which Grotius has been called the "father of international law". Grotius has also contributed significantly to the evolution of the notion of ''rights''. Before him, rights were above all perceived as attached to objects; after him, they are seen as belonging to persons, as the expression of an ability to act or as a means of realizing something.
Peter Borschberg suggests that Grotius was significantly influenced by Francisco de Vitoria and the School of Salamanca in Spain, who supported the idea that the sovereignty of a nation does not lie simply in a ruler through God's will, but originates in its people, who agree to confer such authority upon a ruler. It is also thought that Grotius was not the first to formulate the international society doctrine, but he was one of the first to define expressly the idea of one society of states, governed not by force or warfare but by actual laws and mutual agreement to enforce those laws. As Hedley Bull declared in 1990: "The idea of international society which Grotius propounded was given concrete expression in the Peace of Westphalia, and Grotius may be considered the intellectual father of this first general peace settlement of modern times." Additionally, his contributions to Arminian theology helped provide the seeds for later Arminian-based movements, such as Methodism and Pentecostalism; Grotius is acknowledged as a significant figure in the Arminian–Calvinist debate. Because of his theological underpinning of free trade, he is also considered an "economic theologist".
After fading over time, the influence of Grotius's ideas revived in the 20th century following the First World War. Provided by Wikipedia
21
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Oxonii : Impensis Gulielmi Webb, 1650
Editio decima additis annotationibus in quibus testimonia.
Oxonii : Impensis Gulielmi Webb, 1650
Editio decima additis annotationibus in quibus testimonia.
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22
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Glasguae : Ex officina Roberti Urie et sociorum, sumtibus Joan. Barry ..., 1745
Editio novissima, erroribus innumis passim expurgata /
Glasguae : Ex officina Roberti Urie et sociorum, sumtibus Joan. Barry ..., 1745
Editio novissima, erroribus innumis passim expurgata /
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23
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Francofurti ad Viadrum : Impensis Jeremiae Schrey, 1691
Francofurti ad Viadrum : Impensis Jeremiae Schrey, 1691
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24
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Lugd. Batav. : Ex officinâ Elseviriorum, 1650
Secunda editio, priore auctior & emendatior.
Lugd. Batav. : Ex officinâ Elseviriorum, 1650
Secunda editio, priore auctior & emendatior.
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25
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
London : Printed [by John Haviland] for Ri. Royston in Ivie-lane, 1632
London : Printed [by John Haviland] for Ri. Royston in Ivie-lane, 1632
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26
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
[Leiden?] : [publisher not identified], 1622
[Leiden?] : [publisher not identified], 1622
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27
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Amstelredam : By J. van Ravesteyn, 1667
Amstelredam : By J. van Ravesteyn, 1667
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28
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29
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Argentorati : Apud Simonem Paulli bibliop., 1667
Argentorati : Apud Simonem Paulli bibliop., 1667
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30
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
London : Printed for W. Lee ..., 1658
The third edition, corrected with lively brasse pieces newly added.
London : Printed for W. Lee ..., 1658
The third edition, corrected with lively brasse pieces newly added.
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31
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Parisiis : Sumptibus Seb. Cramoisy, typographi regij, 1640
Editio nova, additis annotationibus in quibus testimonia.
Parisiis : Sumptibus Seb. Cramoisy, typographi regij, 1640
Editio nova, additis annotationibus in quibus testimonia.
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32
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
London : H. Baldwin for F. and C. Rivington [etc.], 1800
The eleventh edition,
London : H. Baldwin for F. and C. Rivington [etc.], 1800
The eleventh edition,
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33
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Londini : Printed by J. Redmayne Jun. for William Crooke, 1682
Londini : Printed by J. Redmayne Jun. for William Crooke, 1682
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34
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Bostonii : Typis Thomas B. Wait et sociis : Sumptibus W. Wells, 1807
Bostonii : Typis Thomas B. Wait et sociis : Sumptibus W. Wells, 1807
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35
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
London : Printed by W.H. and are to be sold by Iohn Hardesty ..., 1652
London : Printed by W.H. and are to be sold by Iohn Hardesty ..., 1652
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36
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Oxoniæ : E Theatro Sheldoniano, impensis Ant. Peisley ..., 1700
Editio novissima,
Oxoniæ : E Theatro Sheldoniano, impensis Ant. Peisley ..., 1700
Editio novissima,
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37
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
's-Gravenhage : Nijhoff, 1928
's-Gravenhage : Nijhoff, 1928
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Book
38
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
London : printed by James Flesher for William Lee, at the Turks Head in Fleetstreet, 1652
London : printed by James Flesher for William Lee, at the Turks Head in Fleetstreet, 1652
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39
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Cambridge : For the Syndics of the University Press, 1853
Cambridge : For the Syndics of the University Press, 1853
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40
by Grotius, Hugo, 1583-1645
Amsterodami : Apud Ludovicum Elzevirium, 1645
Amsterodami : Apud Ludovicum Elzevirium, 1645
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