Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (; September 129 – 216 AD), often anglicized as Galen () or Galen of Pergamon, was a Roman and Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher. Considered to be one of the most accomplished of all medical researchers of antiquity, Galen influenced the development of various scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic.The son of Aelius Nicon, a wealthy Greek architect with scholarly interests, Galen received a comprehensive education that prepared him for a successful career as a physician and philosopher. Born in the ancient city of Pergamon (present-day Bergama, Turkey), Galen traveled extensively, exposing himself to a wide variety of medical theories and discoveries before settling in Rome, where he served prominent members of Roman society and eventually was given the position of personal physician to several emperors.
Galen's understanding of anatomy and medicine was principally influenced by the then-current theory of the four humors: black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm, as first advanced by the author of ''On the Nature of Man'' in the Hippocratic corpus. Galen's views dominated and influenced Western medical science for more than 1,300 years. His anatomical reports were based mainly on the dissection of Barbary apes. However, when he discovered that their facial expressions were too much like those of humans, he switched to other animals, such as pigs. While dissections and vivisections on humans were practised in Alexandria at this time, Galen did not have Imperial permission to perform his own, and had to use animals instead. Galen would encourage his students to go look at dead gladiators or bodies that washed up in order to get better acquainted with the human body. His anatomical reports remained uncontested until 1543, when printed descriptions and illustrations of human dissections were published in the seminal work ''De humani corporis fabrica'' by Andreas Vesalius, where Galen's physiological theory was accommodated to these new observations. Galen's theory of the physiology of the circulatory system remained unchallenged until , when Ibn al-Nafis published his book ''Sharh tashrih al-qanun li' Ibn Sina'' (''Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon''), in which he reported his discovery of pulmonary circulation.
Galen saw himself as both a physician and a philosopher, as he wrote in his treatise titled ''That the Best Physician Is Also a Philosopher''. Galen was very interested in the debate between the rationalist and empiricist medical sects, and his use of direct observation, dissection, and vivisection represents a complex middle ground between the extremes of those two viewpoints. Many of his works have been preserved and/or translated from the original Greek, although many were destroyed and some credited to him are believed to be spurious. Although there is some debate over the date of his death, he was no younger than seventy when he died. Provided by Wikipedia
61
by Galen
[Impress. Londini]: [In ædibus Richardi Pynsoni regij impressoris], 1523
[Impress. Londini]: [In ædibus Richardi Pynsoni regij impressoris], 1523
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62
by Galen
[Cairo] : Maṭbaʻat Dār al-Kutub, 1977
[Cairo] : Maṭbaʻat Dār al-Kutub, 1977
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63
by Galen
[Venetiis] : [Apud Iuntas], 1609
[Venetiis] : [Apud Iuntas], 1609
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64
by Galen
[Columbus] : Ohio State Univ. Press, 1963
[Columbus] : Ohio State Univ. Press, 1963
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65
by Galen
Lipsiae : Teubneri, 1884
Lipsiae : Teubneri, 1884
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66
by Galen
Berlin : Akademie Verlag, 1992
Berlin : Akademie Verlag, 1992
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67
by Galen
Marpurgi Chattorum : N.G. Elwerti, 1904
Marpurgi Chattorum : N.G. Elwerti, 1904
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68
by Galen
Paris : Les Belles lettres, 1985
Paris : Les Belles lettres, 1985
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69
70
by Galen
Berlin : Akademie-Verlag, 1964
Berlin : Akademie-Verlag, 1964
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71
by Galen
Paris : Baillière, 1854
Paris : Baillière, 1854
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72
by Galen
Lipsiae : In aedibus B.G. Teubneri, 1884
Lipsiae : In aedibus B.G. Teubneri, 1884
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73
by Galen
Oxford : New York : Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press, 1991
Oxford : New York : Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press, 1991
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74
by Galen
Cambridge, UK ; New York, USA : Cambridge University Press, 2003
Cambridge, UK ; New York, USA : Cambridge University Press, 2003
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75
by Galen
Cambridge, Mass. : London : Harvard University Press ; Heinemann, 1979
Cambridge, Mass. : London : Harvard University Press ; Heinemann, 1979
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76
On the constitution of the art of medicine : the art of medicine ; A method of medicine to Glaucon /
by Galen
Cambridge, Mass. ; London England : Harvard University Press, 2016
Other Authors:
“...Galen...”Cambridge, Mass. ; London England : Harvard University Press, 2016
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77
by Galen
London : Printed by J. Streater, and are to be sold by J. Wright ..., 1671
London : Printed by J. Streater, and are to be sold by J. Wright ..., 1671
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78
by Galen
Paris : Les Belles lettres, 1995
Other Authors:
“...Galen...”Paris : Les Belles lettres, 1995
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79
by Galen
Lipsiae ; Berolini : in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1923
Lipsiae ; Berolini : in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1923
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80
by Galen
Lipsiae : in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1907
Lipsiae : in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1907
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