Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (; September 129 – 216 AD), often anglicized as Galen () or Galen of Pergamon, was a Roman and Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher. Considered to be one of the most accomplished of all medical researchers of antiquity, Galen influenced the development of various scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic.The son of Aelius Nicon, a wealthy Greek architect with scholarly interests, Galen received a comprehensive education that prepared him for a successful career as a physician and philosopher. Born in the ancient city of Pergamon (present-day Bergama, Turkey), Galen traveled extensively, exposing himself to a wide variety of medical theories and discoveries before settling in Rome, where he served prominent members of Roman society and eventually was given the position of personal physician to several emperors.
Galen's understanding of anatomy and medicine was principally influenced by the then-current theory of the four humors: black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm, as first advanced by the author of ''On the Nature of Man'' in the Hippocratic corpus. Galen's views dominated and influenced Western medical science for more than 1,300 years. His anatomical reports were based mainly on the dissection of Barbary apes. However, when he discovered that their facial expressions were too much like those of humans, he switched to other animals, such as pigs. While dissections and vivisections on humans were practised in Alexandria at this time, Galen did not have Imperial permission to perform his own, and had to use animals instead. Galen would encourage his students to go look at dead gladiators or bodies that washed up in order to get better acquainted with the human body. His anatomical reports remained uncontested until 1543, when printed descriptions and illustrations of human dissections were published in the seminal work ''De humani corporis fabrica'' by Andreas Vesalius, where Galen's physiological theory was accommodated to these new observations. Galen's theory of the physiology of the circulatory system remained unchallenged until , when Ibn al-Nafis published his book ''Sharh tashrih al-qanun li' Ibn Sina'' (''Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon''), in which he reported his discovery of pulmonary circulation.
Galen saw himself as both a physician and a philosopher, as he wrote in his treatise titled ''That the Best Physician Is Also a Philosopher''. Galen was very interested in the debate between the rationalist and empiricist medical sects, and his use of direct observation, dissection, and vivisection represents a complex middle ground between the extremes of those two viewpoints. Many of his works have been preserved and/or translated from the original Greek, although many were destroyed and some credited to him are believed to be spurious. Although there is some debate over the date of his death, he was no younger than seventy when he died. Provided by Wikipedia
21
by Galen
Paris : Société d'édition "Les Belles Lettres", 1985
Paris : Société d'édition "Les Belles Lettres", 1985
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book
22
by Galen
London, Cambridge, Mass., W. Heinemann; Harvard Univ. Press, 1947
London, Cambridge, Mass., W. Heinemann; Harvard Univ. Press, 1947
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book
23
24
by Galen
Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press 1964
Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press 1964
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book
25
by Galen
[New York] : [Classics of Medicine Library], 1996
[New York] : [Classics of Medicine Library], 1996
This item is not available through EZBorrow. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.
Book
26
by Galen
London : Printed by Peter Cole, at the sign of the Printing-Press in Cornhill, neer the Royal Exchange, 1652
London : Printed by Peter Cole, at the sign of the Printing-Press in Cornhill, neer the Royal Exchange, 1652
This item is not available through EZBorrow. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.
Book
27
by Galen
[Impress. Londini] : [In ædibus Pynsonianis], 1524
[Impress. Londini] : [In ædibus Pynsonianis], 1524
This item is not available through EZBorrow. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.
Book
28
by Galen
Lipsiae ; Berolini : in aedibvs B. G. Tevbneri, 1936
Lipsiae ; Berolini : in aedibvs B. G. Tevbneri, 1936
This item is not available through EZBorrow. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.
Book
29
by Galen
Lipsiae : In aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1941
Lipsiae : In aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1941
This item is not available through EZBorrow. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.
Book
30
31
by Galen
Lugduni : Apud Gulielmum Rouillium ..., 1550
Other Authors:
“...Galen...”Lugduni : Apud Gulielmum Rouillium ..., 1550
This item is not available through EZBorrow. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.
Book
32
by Galen
Lipsiae et Berolini : In aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1937
Lipsiae et Berolini : In aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1937
This item is not available through EZBorrow. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.
Book
33
by Galen
London : printed by Peter Cole, at the sign of the Printing-Press in Cornhil, neer the Royal Exchange, 1657
London : printed by Peter Cole, at the sign of the Printing-Press in Cornhil, neer the Royal Exchange, 1657
This item is not available through EZBorrow. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.
Book
34
by Galen
Leipzig : J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, 1906
Leipzig : J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, 1906
This item is not available through EZBorrow. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.
Book
35
by Galen
Lipsiae et Berolini : In aedibus B.G. Teubneri, 1934
Lipsiae et Berolini : In aedibus B.G. Teubneri, 1934
This item is not available through EZBorrow. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.
Book
36
by Galen
[London] : [In aed. pinsonianis], 1522
[London] : [In aed. pinsonianis], 1522
This item is not available through EZBorrow. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.
Book
37
This item is not available through EZBorrow. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.
Book
38
by Galen
[Impress. Londini]: [in edibus Pynsonianis], 1522
[Impress. Londini]: [in edibus Pynsonianis], 1522
This item is not available through EZBorrow. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.
Book
39
by Galen
Stuttgart : Hippokrates-Verlag Marquardt, 1939
Stuttgart : Hippokrates-Verlag Marquardt, 1939
//IF NOT LOGGED IN - FORCE LOGIN ?> //ELSE THEY ARE LOGGED IN PROCEED WITH THE OPEN URL CODE:?>
Book
40
by Galen
Londinii : In aedibus Instituti Warburgiani, 1951
Londinii : In aedibus Instituti Warburgiani, 1951
This item is not available through EZBorrow. Please contact your institution’s interlibrary loan office for further assistance.
Book